¡@
§d©úõ(2)(5)¡@§õ±Ò©¾(3)¡@´¿®Ê¦(3)¡@³¯¤å¸Û(3)¡@±i¨qÆq(4) ¦¬¥ó¤é´Á¡G87¦~10¤ë31¤é¡F±µ¨ü¤é´Á¡G88¦~3¤ë10¤é ºKn¡Gµo®i¥ð¶¢Æ[½à¥Î½ÞºØ¥i¶¡±µ¦a±À°Ê¯b²£¥ð¶¢¤Æ¡C¦b1989¦~¿ï¥ÎÄõÀ¬ºØ¤½½Þ2ÀY»P°t6ÀY§ù¬¥§JºØ¥À½Þ¡F¤Î¥H3ÀY§ù¬¥§J¤½½Þ»P°t5ÀYÄõÀ¬¥À½Þ¡A±Ä¤H¤u±Âºë¤è¦¡¡C§ù¬¥§J»PÄõÀ¬½ÞÂø¥æ«á¸Ç¥J½Þ©ó8¶gÄÖ®ÉÀ˵øÅé¦â¡A¤£½×¥¿¤ÏÂø¥æªº¥J½Þ¨Åé¨â°¼§¡§e²{¶Â¦â¾î±ø¯¾»P¬õ´Ä¦â¾î±ø¯¾¥æ½Æ±Æ¦C«¬ºA¡C³oÃþ¨ã¦³´Ä¶Â±ø¯¾ªº¥J½Þ³Q¿ï¯d¬°ºØ¯b¡A¨Ã±Ä¥b¦PM°tºØ¦Ó²£¤U´Ä¥Õ¬Û¶¡±ø¯¾ªº¥J½Þ¡A³oÃþ´Ä¥Õ¬Û¶¡±ø¯¾ªº¥J½Þ³QºÙ¬°°g±m½Þ¡A´Ä¥Õ¬Û¶¡±ø¯¾¤£¯àªí²{¨ì©Ê¦¨¼ô´Á¡C¦b1992¦~§ï¥H¤@¦~¤@¥@¥N6¤½18¥À°µ¬°´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾Åé¦âªº¿ï¨|±Ú¸s¡A¶i¦æ«áÄò¥|Ó¥@¥Nªº¿ï¨|¸ÕÅç¡C¸ÕÅçµ²ªG¡A²Ä¤T¥N°g±m½ÞºØ¥À½Þ¥§¡¨CL²£6.00±2.10ÀY¬¡¥J½Þ¡A²Ä¥|¥N¥J½Þ§e²{´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾ªÌ¦³72.8%¡A¸û¤W¤@¥Nªº25.3% ¼W¥[´Xªñ¤T¿¡A¦Ó¦b²Ä¤»¥N¼W¥[¨ì100%¡C°g±m½Þ´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¤w¯àªí²{¨ì©Ê¦¨¼ô´Á¡A±À´ú´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¬°¤@Áô©Ê°ò¦]¡C°g±m½Þ¿ï¨|±Ú¸sªº¸gÀ٥γ~¤W¡A°£¦]¨äÅ髬¤p»PÅé¦â¦³¯S©Ê¡A´£¨Ñ¬°¥ð¶¢Æ[½à¥Î½ÞºØ·¥¨ã¼ç¤O¥~¡A¥ç¥i¨ÑÂå¾Ç¬ã¨s¥Î¹êÅç½Þ¡C¡]ÃöÁä»y¡G½Þ¡BÅé¦â¡B«OºØ¡B¿ï©Þ¡^¡@
ºü¡@¡@¨¥
¡@¡@®Ú¾ÚLegault¡]1998¡^¼¶¼gªº½Þ¤ò¦âÅܲ§ªº¿ò¶Ç¾Ç±M¤å¤¤¡A«ü¥X±±¨î¤ò¦âªº°ò¦]®y¦³Åã©Ê¥ÕªºI°ò¦]®y¡BÂX´²©Ê¶ÂªºE°ò¦]®y©M¥ÕªÓ±aªºBe°ò¦]®y¡A¦ý¥ç«ü¥X³o¨Ç°ò¦]®y¬O«Ø¥ß¦bHetzer ¤ó¦Û1945¨ì1954¦~¶¡§Q¥ÎÂÅ·ç´µ¡Bªi¤¤¡B½L§J®L¡B¤j¶Â¡B§ù¬¥§J¡B¬ù§J®L©M¨©´µ±öº¸³ü¸¹µ¥½ÞºØÂø¥æ¸ÕÅç©Òµoªíªº¤K½g¤ò¦â¬ã¨s¡]Hetzer, 1945a,b,c,d, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1954¡^¡A¥H¤ÎOllivier and Sellier¡]1982¡^ ©M Rempel and Marshall¡]1990¡^ªº¤åÄmÀ˰QÂk¯Ç¦Ó¨Óªº¡CLegault¡]1998¡^¯S§O«ü¥X½Þ¤ò¦â¬ã¨s¤åÄm¤¤¡A°£¤FHetzer ¤óªº½ÞºØÂø¥æ¸ÕÅç¥~¡A©Ò¦³ªº¤ò¦â¿ò¶Ç¬ã¨s¤åÄm¶È¬O¥Íªø¡BÁc´Þ©M±OÅé©Êª¬¿ï©Þ¸ÕÅ窺ªþ±aÆ[¹îÂk¯Ç¦Ó¨Óªº¡C ¡@¡@§d¡]1991¡^«ü¥X«~ºØ§ï¨}¥H¸gÀٮįq¬°¨ÌÂk®É¡Aµo®i¥ð¶¢Æ[½à¥Î½ÞºØ¥i¶¡±µ¦a±À°Ê¯b²£¥ð¶¢¤Æ¡C¦b1989¦~º¥ý¿ï¥Î¥xªF³õ«OºØ¤§¤p¦ÕºØªº°g§A«¬ÄõÀ¬ºØ¡]Lee et al., 1998¡^¡AºØ¤½½Þ2ÀY»P°t°ê®a®Ö¤ßºØ½Þ³õ«n³õ´£¨Ñªº6ÀY§ù¬¥§JºØ·s¥À½Þ¡F¤Î¥H3ÀY§ù¬¥§J¤½½Þ»P°t5ÀYÄõÀ¬¥À½Þ¡A±Ä¤H¤u±Âºë¤è¦¡¡C§ù¬¥§J»PÄõÀ¬½ÞÂø¥æ«á¸Ç¥J½Þ©ó8¶gÄÖ®ÉÀˬdÅé¦â¡A¤£½×¥¿¤ÏÂø¥æªº¥J½Þ¨Åé¨â°¼§¡§e²{¶Â¦â¾î±ø¯¾»P¬õ´Ä¦â¾î±ø¯¾¥æ½Æ±Æ¦C«¬ºA¡C³oÃþ¨ã¦³´Ä¶Â±ø¯¾ªº¥J½Þ©l³Q¿ï¯d¬°ºØ¯b¡A¨Ã±Ä¥b¦PM°tºØ¦Ó²£¤U´Ä¥Õ¬Û¶¡±ø¯¾ªº¥J½Þ¡AºÙ¬°°g±m½Þ¡C¡@¡@¥»¬ã¨s§Q¥Î¥b¦PM°tºØ¦Ó²£¤U´Ä¥Õ¬Û¶¡±ø¯¾ªº¥J½Þ±Ú¸s¡A´Â¦³´Ä¥Õ¬Û¶¡±ø¯¾Åé¦â¤è¦V¿ï¯d½Þ°¦¡A¥ø¨D¨|¦¨¦³¥ð¶¢Æ[½à¥Î³~ªº°g§A«¬½ÞºØ¡u°g±m½Þ¡v¬°¥Øªº¡C
¡@
§÷®Æ»P¤èªk
¤@. ±Ú¸s¨Ó·½ ¡@¡@©ó1989¦~¦b»OÆW¬Ù¯b²£¸ÕÅç©Ò®a¯b¥Í²z¨t¡]¥x«n¿¤·s¤ÆÂí¡^¶i¦æ°g§A«¬½ÞºØÄõÀ¬½ÞºØ¡]Miniature Lanyu, M¡^ªº½ÞF²¾¸m¨ì§ù¬¥§JºØ¡]Duroc, D¡^·s¥À½Þ¸ÕÅç®É¡Aº¥ý¿ï¥Î¥xªF³õ°g§A½Þ«OºØ¤§ÄõÀ¬ºØ¤½½Þ2ÀY»P°t°ê®a®Ö¤ßºØ½Þ³õ«n³õ´£¨Ñªº6ÀY§ù¬¥§JºØ·s¥À½Þ¡F¤Î¥H3ÀY§ù¬¥§J¤½½Þ»P°t5ÀYÄõÀ¬¥À½Þ¡A±Ä¤H¤u±Âºë¤è¦¡¡C§ù¬¥§J»PÄõÀ¬½ÞÂø¥æ«á¸Ç¥J½Þ©ó8¶gÄÖ®ÉÀˬdÅé¦â¡A¤£½×¥¿¥æ¡]MD¡^©Î¤Ï¥æ¡]DM¡^ªº¥J½Þ¸s§¡¦³65% ªº¥J½Þ¨Åé¨â°¼§e²{¶Â¦â¾î±ø¯¾»P¬õ´Ä¦â¾î±ø¯¾¡£´Ä¶Â±ø¯¾¡¤¥æ½Æ±Æ¦C«¬ºA¡C³oÃþ¨ã¦³´Ä¶Â±ø¯¾ªº¥J½Þ©ó1990¦~¦~ªì¡A¦¨ªø¦Ü5¤ëÄ֮ɡA¯dºØ12ÀY¥À½Þ¡A¦Ó¤½½Þ«h¶È¿ï¯d6ÀY¡C¿ï¯dªº6ÀY¤½½Þ¬O¥H¦b5¤ëÄ֮ɩ|¨ã´Ä¶Â±ø¯¾ªÌ¬°Àu¥ý¡A¥ç§Y¨Å骺¨â°¼©|§e²{¶Â¦â¾î±ø¯¾»P¬õ´Ä¦â¾î±ø¯¾¥æ½Æ±Æ¦C«¬ºAªÌ¤~Àu¥ý¯d¬°ºØ¥Î¡C¦]¦¹¡A°µ¬°¿ï¨|±Ú¸s²Ä¤@¥N¡]F1¡^ªººØ½Þ¦³6¤½12¥À¡C¨ä¤¤¦U¦³¤@¥bªººØ¯b¬ODM ©MMD¡A¥ç´N¬O¦³3¤½6¥ÀªºMD©M¦³3¤½6¥ÀªºDM¡C¦b1990¦~7¤ë¦Ü1991¦~12¤ë¶¡§â°µ¬°°g±m½Þ¿ï¨|±Ú¸s²Ä¤@¥N¡]F1¡^ªººØ½Þ6¤½12¥À±ÄÆ[¹îµo±¡°tºØ¤è¦¡¡C¨CÀY¥À½Þ§¡²£¦³¨âL¡A¦@p¦³¥|ºØ°tºØ²Õ¦X¡GDM¡ÑDM¡BMD¡ÑDM¡BDM¡Ñ MD¡B©MMD¡ÑMD¡C«Ý²£¥À½Þ»°¤J¤À®YªÙ¡A¤À®Y®É°O¿ý¬¡¥J¼Æ¡C¡@
¤G. ´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾Åé¦â¿ï©Þ ¡@¡@¨Ó¦ÛF1ºØ¥À½Þªº²Ä¤@L©M²Ä¤GLè¥X¥ÍªºF2¥N182ÀY°g±m½Þ¥J½Þ¤¤¡A¦³17ÀY¥J½Þ¨Å骺¨â°¼§e²{¥Õ¦â¾î±ø¯¾»P¬õ´Ä¦â¾î±ø¯¾¡£´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¡¤¥æ½Æ±Æ¦C«¬ºAªÌ¡C²£¦³´Ä¶Â±ø¯¾©Î´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¥J½Þªº¸g²£¥À½Þ»P¦³´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¥J½Þªº¤½½Þ©ó1992¦~7¤ë©³¹B¨ì»OÆW¬Ù¯b²£¸ÕÅç©Ò¥xªFºØ¯bÁc´Þ³õ¡AÅý²£¦³´Ä¶Â±ø¯¾©Î´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¥J½Þªº¸g²£¥À½Þ¦A»P°t¦³´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¥J½Þªº¤½½Þ¡AÄ~Äò¥Í²£²Ä¤TL©M²Ä¥|L¡Ap¦³145 ÀY¥J½Þ¡A¨ä¤¤¦³11 ÀY¥J½Þ¬°´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¥J½Þ¡C´Ä¶Â±ø¯¾©Î´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¥J½Þ¹F5¤ëÄ֮ɡAºÙ«¨Ã¿ï¯dÅ髤£¶W¹L35¤½¤çªÌ¬°²Ä¤G¥N¡]F2¡^ºØ¯b¡C³Q¿ï¯dªººØ¯b¨ãÅé°¼´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¥æ½Æ±Æ¦C«¬ºAªÌ¤~Àu¥ý¯d¬°ºØ¥Î¡Ap¦³6¤½18¥À¡C©Ò¥Îªº6ÀY¤½½Þ§¡¬°´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¡A¦Ó¥À½Þ«h¦³8ÀY¬°´Ä¶Â±ø¯¾©M10ÀY¬°´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¡C¿ï¯dªº²Ä¤G¥NºØ½Þ6¤½18¥À¡A©ó1993¦~7¤ë°_¤À¦¨¤»²Õ¨ÖÄæ°tºØ¡A¨CÄæ¹}¾i1ÀY¤½½Þ©M3ÀY¥À½Þ¡C¤»²Õ¤½½Þ½ü´À¨ÖÄæªº¤è¦¡¬O1ÀY¤½½Þ©M3ÀY¥À½Þ¨ÖÄæ10¤Ñ¡A¦A¤@°_§â6ÀY¤½½Þ¹jÂ÷4¤Ñ«á¡A¦A´À´«¥t¤@ÀY¤½½Þ¨ì¨Ö¦P¤@Äæªº3ÀY¥À½Þ¸s¸Ì10¤Ñ¡C¦¹®É¡A¤½½Þ±Ä½ü´À¤è¦¡¦Ó³Q©ñ¤J¥t¤@¥À½ÞÄæ¤§¦Ò¶q¡A¬O¬°Á×§K¦]¬Y¤@ÀY¤½½Þªº¨üºë¯à¤O§C¸¨¦ÓP¥À½ÞµLªk¨ü¥¥²£¥Jªºª¬ªp²£¥Í¡C«ùÄò¨âӤ몺¨ÖÄæ°tºØ¡Aè¦n§ó´«4ÀY¤½½Þ¡AÂÇ¥H´î¤Ö°tºØ§@·~©Ò»Ýªº¤H¤O¡A¥À½Þ¤À®Y¤é´Á¦A¦©°£Ãh¥¥¤Ñ¼Æ114¤Ñ¡A¥i¥Î¨Ó±À´ú»P°t¤½½Þ¡C«Ý²£¥À½Þ©ó11¤ë¦Ü12¤ë¶¡³°Äò¤À®Y¡A¥X¥Í¥J½Þ¤§Åé¦â¡BÅé«§¡¤©¥H°O¿ý¡A¹F8¶gÄÖÂ÷¨Å¨ÃºÙ«¡C¥þ¶Â¥J½Þ«h³w¤©²^¨O¡A¦Ó´Ä¶Â±ø¯¾¤½¥J½Þ¥ç³w¤©²^¨O¡C´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¡B´Ä¶Â±ø¯¾©M¬õ´Ä¦â¥À¥J½Þ«hÄ~Äò¹}¾i¦Ü5¤ëÄÖ¡A¹F5¤ëÄ֮ɺ٫¨Ã´ú¶qÅ髬©Êª¬¡C¿ï¯d·s¤½¥À½Þªº5¤ëÄÖÅé«§¡»Ý30¢V ¥H¤UªÌ¡A¤~§@¬°²Ä¤T¥N¡]F3¡^ºØ¯b¥Î¡C¦p¦¹§Î¦¨¤@¦~¤@¥@¥Nªº¿ï¨|¤è¦¡¡C¡@
¡@¡@¿ï¯dªºF3ºØ½Þ6¤½18¥À¡A©Ò¥Îªº6ÀY¤½½Þ§¡¬°´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¡A¦Ó¥À½Þ«h¦³8ÀY¬°´Ä¶Â±ø¯¾©M10 ÀY¬°´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¡C©ó1994¦~7¤ë°_¤À¦¨¤»²Õ¨ÖÄæ°tºØ¡A¨CÄæ1ÀY¤½½Þ©M3ÀY¥À½Þ¡C«Ý²£¥À½Þ©ó11¤ë¦Ü 12 ¤ë¶¡³°Äò¤À®Y¡A¥X¥Í¥J½Þ¤§Åé¦â¡BÅé«§¡¤©¥H°O¿ý¡A¹F8¶gÄÖÂ÷¨Å¨ÃºÙ«¡C¥þ¶Â¥J½Þ«h³w¤©²^¨O¡A¦Ó´Ä¶Â±ø¯¾¥J½Þ¥ç³w¤©²^¨O¡C´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¥J½Þ«hÄ~Äò¹}¾i¦Ü5¤ëÄÖ¡A¹F5¤ëÄ֮ɺ٫¨Ã´ú¶qÅ髬©Êª¬¡C¿ï¯d30¢V ¥H¤UªÌ¡A§@¬°²Ä¥|¥N¡]F4¡^ºØ¯b¥Î¡A¿ï¯dªºF4ºØ½Þ6¤½18¥À¡A§¡¬°´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾ªÌ¡A©ó1995¦~7¤ë°_¤À¦¨¤»²Õ¨ÖÄæ°tºØ¡A«Ý²£¥À½Þ©ó11¤ë¦Ü12¤ë¶¡³°Äò¤À®YF5¥N¥J½Þ¡A°O¿ý¥X¥Í¥J½Þ¼Æ»PÅé¦â¡CF5¥NªººØ¯b§¡¬O´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾ªÌ¡AF5¥NªººØ¯b©ó1996¦~7¤ë¨ÖÄæ°tºØ¡A«Ý²£¥À½Þ©ó11¤ë¦Ü12¤ë¶¡³°Äò¤À®YF6¥N¥J½Þ¡A°O¿ý¥X¥Í¥J½Þ¼Æ»PÅé¦â¡C¡@
¤T. ²Îp¤ÀªR
Ác´Þ©Ê¯à
¡@¡@ºØ¥À½Þ¤§ªì²£¬¡¥J¼Æ¡B8¶gÄÖÂ÷¨Åªº¥J½ÞÀY¼Æ©MÂ÷¨Å¥J½Þ¨|¦¨²v¬°¥DnªºÁc´Þ©Êª¬¡C¥X¥Í®É©MÂ÷¨Å®É¬¡¥J¼Æ¤§L¥§¡¥H¤@¯ë¥§¡©M¼Ð·Ç°¾®tªí¥Ü¡C¦]¦³¨Ç¥J½Þ©óÂ÷¨Å«e´N°t¦X¹A·~¬ã¨s·§ªp¤§®i¥Ü¬¡°Ê¦Ó³Q°e¥X³õ°Ñ®i¡AÅU¤Î¯e¯f¨¾¬Ì°ÝÃD¡A³o¨Ç¥J½Þ¥¼¦A¦^³õ¡A©Ò¥H¸ÓÀY¥À½Þªº¨|¦¨²v¤£¦C¤Jpºâ¡A¶È¥H¦³§¹¾ã8¶g÷¨|ªº¥À½Þ¨ÓpºâÂ÷¨Åªº¬¡¥J¼Æ¡C¦]¦¹¡A¥»¬ã¨s©ÒzÂ÷¨Å¥J½Þªº¨|¦¨²v¬O¥HÂ÷¨Å¬¡¥J¼Æ¤§¥§¡È³Q°£¥H¥X¥Í¬¡¥J¼Æ¤§¥§¡Èªº¦Ê¤À¤ñªí¥Ü¤§¡C ±ø¯¾Åé¦â¤À¥¬ ¡@¡@±qF1¦ÜF6¥@¥N¡A½Þ°¦ªº±ø¯¾Åé¦â¥X²{ÀW²v¡A¥H¦û¦³¸Ó¥@¥N½Þ°¦Á`ÀY¼Æªº¦Ê¤À¤ñªí¥Ü¤§¡C ¥Íªø©Ê¯à ¡@¡@°g±m½Þ¥J½Þ¦Û¥X¥Í¦Ü5¤ëÄÖ´Á¶¡¡A¦]¨ü¨ä¥~ªíÅé¦â¿ï©Þ¬yµ{©Ò»Ý¡A¶È«O¯d¦³´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¬Û¶¡Åé¦âªº¥J½Þ¦Ü5¤ëÄÖºÙ«¡A¤£²Å¿ï©Þ·Ç«hªº¥J½Þ³q±`©óÂ÷¨Å«á´N¤©¥H¹jÂ÷¥X¿ï¨|±Ú¸s¡C Å髬´ú¶q ¡@¡@°g±m½ÞÅé°ª¡BÅéªø¡B¦Õªø¡B¦Õ¼e¡B¯Ý²`¡B¯Ý³ò¡B«eªÏªø¡B«eªÏºÞ³ò¡B«áªÏºÞ³ò¡BÁv¼e¡B§Àªø¡B¸A¤Yªø¡B¸A¤Y¼eµ¥Å髬©Êª¬©ó5¤ëÄ֮ɺ٫«á´ú±o¡C¡@
µ²ªG»P°Q½×
¤@. Ác´Þ©Ê¯à ¡@¡@§ù¬¥§J¤½½Þ°tÄõÀ¬¥À½Þ©Ò¥Íªº¥J½Þ¬°DM½Þ¡A¦ÓÄõÀ¬¤½½Þ°t§ù¬¥§J¥À½Þ©Ò¥Íªº¥J½Þ¬°MD½Þ¡C³o¨ÇDM©MMD½Þ¦A²Õ¦X°t¹ï©Ò¥Íªº²Ä¤G¥N¡A´N³°Äò¨Ì¨äÅé¦â¦Ó¶È«O¯d6¤½18¥À¬°¿ï¨|±Ú¸s¡C¨äÁc´Þ©Ê¯à¦C©óªí1¡C¿ï¯dªºF1¸g²£¥À½Þ¸g°tºØ«á¡Ap¦³17LF2¥J½Þ¡C¥§¡¨CL¦³9.24±2.83ÀY¡]¥§¡±¼Ð·Ç°¾®t¡^¬¡¥J½Þ¡A¦Xp¦³83¤½74¥À¥J½Þ¡C¦]¦³¨âL¥J½Þ¦bÂ÷¨Å«e´N°t¦X¹A·~¬ã¨s·§ªp¤§®i¥Ü¦Ó°e¥XÔ·¡AÅU¤Î¯e¯f¨¾¬Ì¡A³o¨Ç¥J½Þ¥¼¦A¦^Ô·¡A¬G¸ÓÀY¥À½ÞªºÂ÷¨Å¸ê®Æ¤£p¡A¹F8¶gÄ֮ɶȦ³15L¥À½Þ¦³Â÷¨Å°O¿ý¡A¥§¡¨CLÂ÷¨Å6.60±2.75ÀY¡AÂ÷¨Å¥J½Þªº¨|¦¨²v¬°71.4%¡C¿ï¯dªºF2½Þ¦³20ÀY¤k½Þ¡Ap¦³38L¤À®Y¡A¥ç§Y¨CÀY¿ï¯d¥À½Þ¤À®Y¨âL¡A¥§¡¨CL¥X¥Í¬¡¥J½Þ¼Æ¬°5.79±3.28ÀY¡A¦Xp¦³125¤½95¥À¥J½Þ¡C¹F8¶gÄÖÂ÷¨Å®É¡A¶È¦³28L¦³Â÷¨Å°O¿ý¡A¥§¡¨CLÂ÷¨Å5.32±2.95ÀY¡AF3¥J½ÞªºÂ÷¨Å¨|¦¨²v¬° 91.8%¡C¿ï¯dªºF3½Þ¦³19ÀY¤k½Þ¡Ap¦³19L¤À®Y¡A¥ç§Y¨CÀY¿ï¯d¥À½Þ§¡¤À®Y¤@L¡A¥§¡¨CL¥X¥Í¬¡¥J½Þ¼Æ¬°6.00±2.10ÀY¡A¦Xp¦³54¤½60¥À¥J½Þ¡C¹F8¶gÄÖÂ÷¨Å®É¡A¦³19L¦³Â÷¨Å°O¿ý¡A¥§¡¨CLÂ÷¨Å5.05±2.25ÀY¡AF4¥J½ÞªºÂ÷¨Å¨|¦¨²v¬°84.1%¡CF3¥À½ÞªºÁc´Þ©Êª¬©M¨ä»Û¿Ë¥NF2¥À½ÞªÌ¬Û¸û¡]ªí1¡^¡AÅã¥Ü¥X¥Í¬¡¥J¼Æ¡BÂ÷¨Å¬¡¥J¼Æ©M¨|¦¨²v§¡¬Û¦ü¡]P¡Ö0.05¡^¡C¦ý´N°tºØ¤À®YÀY¼Æ¨Ó¬Ý¡AF3¥N¿ï¯dªº¥À½Þ§¡¦³²£¥J¡A¤½¥À½Þ¨ÖÄæ°tºØªºÁc´Þ®Ä²v¦³100%¡C¡@
¤G. Åé¦â¤À¥¬ ¡@¡@°g±m½Þ¶È¿ï¯d¦³´Ä¶Â±ø¯¾ªº²Ä¤@¥N¥J½Þ¬°¿ï¨|ºØ½Þ¡]¹Ï1¡^¡A¦]¦¹¦bÅé¦â¤£§e±ø¯¾©Î¤£¥þ¶Â©Î¤£¥þ´Äªº¥J½Þ§¡ÂkÃþ¬°¦³ÂøÂIªº¥J½Þ¡C¦U¥@¥N¥J½ÞÅé¦â¤À¥¬ÀW²v¦C©óªí2¡CÂø¥æ¤@¥NªºDM©ÎMD½Þ§¡¥H´Ä¶Â±ø¯¾©~¦h¡A¹F65% ¥ª¥k¡CÂø¥æ¤G¥NY¬°²Ä¤@²£¦¸©M²Ä¤G²£¦¸ªÌ¡A«h¤´¥H´Ä¶Â±ø¯¾©~¦h¡Aªì¨BÅã¥Ü§ù¬¥§J½ÞºØ¬õ´ÄÅé¦â¹ïÄõÀ¬½ÞºØ¶ÂÅé¦â¬°¦@Åã©Ê¡A¦ý¶ÈÅé°¼³¡¦ì¡C®Ú¾Ú«e¤GLªº¥J½ÞÅé¦â¡A¶È¿ï¯d²Ä¤@¥NºØ¤½½Þ¦³´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¥J½Þ«á¸ÇªÌ¡A¨Ó»P°t²Ä¤@¥NºØ¥À½Þ¡A¥Í²£²Ä¤T©M²Ä¥|L¡A¥J½Þ¦³43.5% ¬°¥þ¶Â¡A¦Ó¶È¦³7.5% ¬°´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¡A·t¥Ü´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾ªº²Õ¦X¨ü±±©óºØ¥À½Þ¦¨¤À¤§¥i¯à©Ê¸û¤j¡C¸g¹L²Ä¤G¥NºØ½Þ¿ï¯d®É¡An¨D¤½½Þ»Ý¨ã´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¡A¥À½Þ¥H´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¬°Àu¥ý¡A´Ä¶Â±ø¯¾¥À½Þ¦¸¤§¡A¶i¦æ²Ä¤T¥N¥J½Þ¤§¨|¦¨¡AÅé¦â¥þ¶Â¥J½Þ¶È¦û1.4%¡A¦Ó´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¥J½Þ¥Ñ¤W¤@¥Nªº7.5% ¼W¥[¬°25.3%¡A¦b²Ä¥|¥N¼W¥[¨ì72.8%¡C²Ä¤T¥NºØ¥À½Þ¥§¡¨CL²£6.00 ÀY¬¡¥J½Þ¡A²Ä¥|¥N¥J½Þ¬°´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾Åé¦âªÌ¦³72.8%¡A¸û¤W¤@¥Nªº25.3% ¼W¥[¬Æ¦hÅã¥Ü´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¤wÁͯ¦X¥B¦ü¥G¬°Áô©Ê°ò¦]¡A¦Ó¦b²Ä¤»¥N¼W¥[¨ì100%¡A±À´ú´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¬°¤@Áô©Ê°ò¦]¡A¤£¹L³oºØ´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¦b¦¨¼ô«á·|²H¤Æ¡A©y¶i¦æªñ¿Ë¥S©f¿ï¨|¨Ó±´°Q¨ä°ò¦]¯Â¦X«×¡C¿ï¯d¤½½Þ5¤ëÄÖ«¬ù27.3 kg¡A¦Ó¥À½Þ«32.4 kg¡C¦]¦¹¡A¶i¤@¨B´î»´5¤ëÄÖÅ髦Ü20 kg¥H¤U¬O¤pÅ髬°g±m½Þªº¿ï©Þ¤è¦V¡C¡@
¹Ï1.¡@±qÄõÀ¬½Þ»P§ù¬¥§J½ÞªºÂø¥æ«á¸Ç¿ï¨|¦Ó¨Óªº°g±m½Þ¤§Åé¦âÅܤơG”ñ ¦³´Ä¶Â±ø¯¾ªºF1¥J½Þ¡A”ò ¦³´Ä¶Â±ø¯¾ªºF2¥J½Þ¡A”ó ¦³´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾ªºF2¥J½Þ¡]«e¡^¡A”ô ¦¨ªø¤¤ªº´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾F2¥J½Þ¡]«e¥k¡^¡A”õ ´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾F3¥J½Þ¡A¦³5ÀY¡A”ö ¦¨ªø¤¤ªºF3´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¥J½Þ¡]¥ª©M«á¡^»P´Ä¶Â±ø¯¾¥J½Þ¡A”÷ ´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾F4¥N¦PºÛ¥J½Þ¡A©M ”ø 8¶gÄÖF4¥N¦PºÛ´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¥J½Þ¡CFig. 1. Coat color of Mitsai pigs derived by crossing between Lanyu and Duroc breeds: (1) F1 piglets with black and brown stripes, (2) F2 piglets with black and brown stripes, (3) F2 piglets with white and brown stripes (the front one), (4) growing F2 pigs with white and brown stripes (the front right one), (5) F3 piglets with white and brown stripes, five pigs in the photo, (6) F3 brown-white striping pigs at eight weeks of age (left and front), (7) F4 brown-white striping piglets from the same litter, and (8) F4 brown-white striping littermates at eight weeks of age.
ªí1.¡@°g±m½ÞºØ¥À½Þ¤§Ác´Þ©Êª¬Table 1. Reproductive traits of sows in the Mitsai line
| ©Êª¬
Trait |
²Ä¤@¥N¥À½Þ F1 sow |
²Ä¤G¥N¥À½Þ F2 sow |
²Ä¤T¥N¥À½Þ F3 sow |
²£¦¸ Parity |
3¡ã4 | 1¡ã2 | 1 |
¤À®YL¼Æ No. of litters |
17 |
38 |
19 |
¨CL¥X¥Í¬¡ÀY¼Æ No. of piglets born alive per litter |
9.24±2.83 | 5.79±3.28 | 6.00±2.10 |
| ¬¡¥J½ÞÁ`ÀY¼Æ¡]¤½/¥À¡^
Live piglets in total (Male/Female) |
157(83/74) |
220(125/95) |
114(54/60) |
| 8¶gÄÖÂ÷¨ÅL¼Æ
No. of litters at 8-week weaning |
15 |
28 |
19 |
| 8¶gÄÖ¨CLÂ÷¨ÅÀY¼Æ
No. of piglets weaned per litter |
6.60±2.75 | 5.32±2.95 | 5.05±2.25 |
Â÷¨Å¥J½Þ¨|¦¨²v¡]¢H¡^ Survival rate at weaning |
71.4 |
91.8 |
84.1 |
¤T. ¥Íªø©Ê¯à
¹Ï 2.¡@°g±m½ÞÂø¥æ¤@¥N¡]DM©ÎMD¡^©MÂø¥æ¤G¥N¤§¥ÍªøÅé«¡C
Fig. 2. Growth weight of F1 (DM or MD) and F2 of Mitsai pigs.
ªí2. ¤£¦P¥@¥Nªº¥J½ÞÅé°¼¦³±ø¯¾¬Û¶¡Åé¦â¤§¤ñ²vTable 2. Frequencies of piglets with coat color of longitudinal stripes at different generations
| «á¸Ç¥J½ÞÅé¦âÃþ§O¤Î¨ä©Ò¦û¤ñ²v(%)
Coat color with its frequency (%) |
||||||
Åé°¼¦³±ø¯¾¬Û¶¡ |
Åé¦â |
Åé¦â |
Åé¦â |
|||
| ¥@ ¥N
Generation |
ÀY¼Æ N |
´Ä¶Â±ø¯¾ Brown- black stripes |
´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾ Brown- white stripes |
¥þ¶Â Solid black |
¥þ´Ä Solid Brown |
¦³ÂøÂI With spots |
| ì¥NFunder | ||||||
| ¡@§ù¬¥§JºØ¡]D¡^ | 9 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
100.0 |
0.0 |
| ¡@Äõ À¬ ºØ¡]M¡^ | 7 |
0.0 |
|
100.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
| Âø¥æ¤@¥NF1
¡]¶¯¿Ë¡Ñ»Û¿Ë¡^ |
||||||
| ¡@D¡ÑM | 40 |
65.0 |
|
2.5 |
0.0 |
32.5 |
| ¡@M¡ÑD | 35 |
80.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
20.0 |
| Âø¥æ¤G¥N¡]1¡Ï2L¡^
F2 (parity 1 and 2) |
||||||
| ¡@DM¡ÑDM | 40 |
45.0 |
|
27.5 |
12.5 |
2.5 |
| ¡@MD¡ÑDM | 40 |
40.0 |
|
32.5 |
7.5 |
15.0 |
| ¡@DM¡ÑMD | 45 |
46.7 |
|
26.7 |
4.4 |
8.9 |
| ¡@MD¡ÑMD | 57 |
33.3 |
|
49.2 |
10.5 |
0.0 |
| Âø¥æ¤G¥N¡]3¡Ï4L¡^b
F2 (parity 3 and 4) |
145 |
31.0 |
|
43.5 |
18.0 |
0.0 |
| Âø¥æ¤T¥NF3 | 217 |
41.5 |
|
1.4 |
31.8 |
0.0 |
| Âø¥æ¥|¥NF4 | 114 |
21.1 |
|
1.7 |
4.4 |
0.0 |
| Âø¥æ¤¥NF5 | 185 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
8.1 |
0.0 |
| Âø¥æ¤»¥NF6 | 130 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
Number in parentheses was the number of pigs with white and brown stripes.
b©Ò°tºØ¤½½Þ»Ý¦b¨ä»P°t¥À½Þ©Ò¥Í²Ä1©Î2 L¤º¦³´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¬Û¶¡¥J½ÞªÌ¡CSows were mated by boars which they had progeny with white and brown stripes from parity 1 or 2 of sows.
ªí3. °g±m½Þ¤§¥Íªø©Êª¬Table 3. Growth traits of Mitsai pigs
| ¥@ ¥N
Generation |
©Ê§O Gender |
¥X¥Í«¡Akg
Birth weight |
8 ¶gÄÖ«¡Akg
Weight at 8-week old |
5 ¤ëÄÖ«¡Akg
Weight at 5-month old |
²Ä¤G¥N |
¤½M | 1.16±0.33(125) |
10.32±3.99(90) | 30.54±8.06( 2) |
F2 |
¥ÀF | 1.12±0.30( 95) |
10.01±3.29(60) | 33.51±6.62(11) |
²Ä¤T¥N |
¤½M | 1.14±0.25( 25) |
9.32±3.05(25) | 32.50±6.76(13) |
F3 |
¥ÀF | 1.12±0.24( 60) |
9.27±2.75(50) | 33.47±7.64(22) |
²Ä¥|¥N |
¤½M | 1.00±0.54( 54) |
6.07±4.51(50) | 27.33±6.83(14) |
F4 |
¥ÀF | 0.98±0.50( 60) |
5.80±4.90(46) | 32.48±8.92(28) |
¡@
¥|. Å髬©Êª¬
¡@¡@°g±m½Þ¦]¥u¿ï¯d¦³´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾¬°¤½½Þ¡A¦Ó¥À½Þ«h¬°´Ä¥Õ±ø¯¾©Î´Ä¶Â±ø¯¾ªÌ¡A°£²Ä¤G¥N¦]¦³¨ä»Û¿Ë©Ò¥Íªº«e¤GL¦PM½Þ³Q¿ï¯d¡A¬G¶È´ú¶q2¤½11¥À¦Ü5¤ëÄÖ¡C²Ä¤G¦Ü¥|¥N¹F5¤ëÄÖªº½Þ«ö©Ê§O´ú¶q¨äÅ髬©Êª¬¡AÅé°ª¡BÅéªø¡B¦Õªø¡B¦Õ¼e¡B¯Ý²`¡B¯Ý³ò¡B«eªÏªø¡B«eªÏºÞ³ò¡B«áªÏºÞ³ò¡BÁv¼e¡B§Àªø¡B¸A¤Yªø©M¸A¤Y¼e¤§¥§¡È¦C©óªí4¡C ªí4. °g±m½Þªº5¤ëÄÖÅé«»PÅ髬Table 4. Body weight and conformation at five months of age in Mitsai pigs
| ²Ä ¤G ¥N F2 | ²Ä ¤T ¥NF3 | ²Ä ¥| ¥NF4 | ||||||
| ©Êª¬
Trait |
¤½ Male |
¥À Female |
¤½ Male |
¥À Female |
¤½ Male |
¥À Female |
||
ÀY¼Æ No. of pigs |
2 |
11 |
13 |
22 |
14 |
28 |
||
Åé«¡A¢V Body weight |
30.54±8.06 | 33.51±6.62 | 32.50±6.76 | 33.47±7.64 | 27.33±6.83 | 32.48±8.92 | ||
Åé°ª¡A¢Q Body height |
49.80±3.80 | 46.61±4.28 | 45.85±2.79 | 44.60±3.75 | 39.16±4.36 | 41.50±4.95 | ||
Åéªø¡A¢Q Body length |
66.95±6.95 | 71.17±6.09 | 76.65±6.14 | 75.86±7.70 | 63.54±7.44 | 68.11±7.96 | ||
¦Õªø¡A¢Q Ear length |
12.25±1.75 | 11.52±1.12 | 11.99±0.78 | 11.77±0.98 | 9.20±1.26 | 9.97±1.45 | ||
¦Õ¼e¡A¢Q Ear width |
9.35±0.35 | 9.16±1.04 | 9.30±1.25 | 9.07±1.18 | 6.58±0.93 | 7.16±0.84 | ||
¯Ý²`¡A¢Q Chest depth |
29.55±3.55 | 28.76±3.19 | 28.50±2.83 | 28.42±3.00 | 23.98±2.86 | 24.60±3.26 | ||
¯Ý³ò¡A¢Q Chest girth |
72.30±9.30 | 76.92±6.48 | 71.11±5.09 | 71.79±5.76 | 65.34±7.90 | 69.58±8.42 | ||
«eªÏªø¡A¢Q Length of fore limb |
23.10±1.10 | 22.06±1.90 | 20.29±1.17 | 20.21±1.85 | 18.38±1.86 | 19.12±2.08 | ||
«eªÏºÞ³ò¡A¢Q Girth of fore limb |
12.50±1.50 | 12.65±0.60 | 12.83±0.69 | 12.70±1.09 | 11.87±1.19 | 12.27±1.08 | ||
«áªÏºÞ³ò¡A¢Q Girth of hind limb |
12.25±1.25 | 13.00±0.57 | 13.21±0.92 | 12.68±1.00 | 11.49±1.09 | 11.99±1.16 | ||
Áv¼e¡A¢Q Rump width |
21.25±2.25 | 21.63±1.84 | 22.60±1.94 | 22.89±2.54 | 19.57±3.00 | 21.27±3.66 | ||
§Àªø¡A¢Q Length of tail |
12.60±8.60 | 14.47±4.99 | 18.22±2.67 | 19.47±2.90 | 11.61±7.18 | 16.48±4.87 | ||
¸A¤Yªø¡A¢Q Testicular length |
6.58±1.58 | 10.43±1.38 | 6.21±1.65 | |||||
¸A¤Y¼e¡A¢Q Testicular width |
2.65±1.15 | 4.02±0.58 | 2.76±0.73 | |||||
¡@
°Ñ¦Ò¤åÄm §d©úõ¡C1991¡C¥ð¶¢Æ[½à¥Î½ÞºØ¡G¢¹. ÄõÀ¬¤p¦ÕºØ»P§ù¬¥§JºØÂø¥æ½Þ¤§Åé¦â´ú¥æ¸ÕÅç¡C¤¤¯b·|»x20¡]¼W¥Z¡^¡G7¡]ºKn¡^¡C Hetzer, H. O. 1945a. Inheritance of coat color in swine. ¢¹. General survey of major color variations in swine. J. Hered. 36¡G121¡ã128. Hetzer, H. O. 1945b. Inheritance of coat color in swine. ¢º. Results of Landrace by Poland China crosses. J. Hered. 36¡G187¡ã192. Hetzer, H. O. 1945c. Inheritance of coat color in swine. ¢». Results of Landrace by Berkshire crosses. J. Hered. 36¡G255¡ã256. Hetzer, H. O. 1945d. Inheritance of coat color in swine. ¢¼. Analysis of hybrids of Landrace and Large Black. J. Hered. 36¡G309¡ã312. Hetzer, H. O. 1946. Inheritance of coat color in swine. ¢½. Results of Landrace by Duroc-Jersey crosses. J. Hered. 37¡G217¡ã224. Hetzer, H. O. 1947. Inheritance of coat color in swine. ¢¾. Results of Yorkshire by Duroc-Jersey crosses. J. Hered. 38¡G121¡ã124. Hetzer, H. O. 1948. Inheritance of coat color in swine. ¢¿. Results of Landrace by Hampshire crosses. J. Hered. 39¡G123¡ã128. Hetzer, H. O. 1954. Effectiveness of selection for extension of black-spotting in Beltsville no. 1 swine. J. Hered. 45¡G215¡ã223. Inoue, K., S. Tanaka, N. Kashiwazaki, H. Nakao, N. Nakatsuji, N. Sakaki, H. Tojo and C. Tachi. 1996. Quantitative analysis of striped coat color patterns in Large White¡÷Duroc chimeric pigs with special reference to the genetic control mechanisms of the dominant black-eyed white phenotype. Pigment Cell Res. 9(6)¡G289¡ã297. Johansson, M., H. Ellegren, L. Marklund, U. Gustafsson, E. Ringmar-Cederberg, K. Andersson, I. Edfors-Lilja and L. Andersson. 1992. The gene for dominant white color in the pig is closely linked to ALB and PDGFRA on chromosome 8. Genomics 14¡G965¡ã969.Kijas, J., M. Moller, L. Marklund, R. Wales and L. Andersson. 1996. The extension coat color locus maps to pig chromosome 6. 25th Intl. Conf. Anim. Genet. 21-25 July 1996, Tours, France, 126(Abstr.).
Lee, C. J., W. C. Chen, J. L. Tzeng, H. L. Chang and M. C. Wu. 1998. Selection of pig coat color for white- and brown-spotting in the Lanyu inbreeding line. J. Chin. Soc. Anim. Sci. 27(4)¡G485¡ã497. Legault, C. 1998. Genetics of colour variation. In The Genetics of the Pig (M. F. Rothschild and A. Ruvinsky, eds.), CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 51¡ã69. Lush, J. L. 1921. Inheritance in swine. J. Hered. 12¡G57¡ã71. Mariani, P., M. Johansson-Moller, B. Hoyheim, L. Marklund, W. Davies, E. Ellegren and L. Andersson. 1996. The extension coat color locus and the loci for blood group O and tyrosine aminotransferase are on pig chromosome 6. J. Hered. 87¡G272¡ã276. Marklund , L., M. Johansson Moller, B. Hoyheim, W. Davies, M. Fredholm, R. K. Juneja, P. Mariani, W. Coppieters, H. Ellegren and L. Andersson. 1996. A comprehensive linkage map of the pig based on a wild pig-Large White intercross. Anim. Genet. 27¡G255¡ã269. McPhee, H. C., E. Z. Russel and J. Zeller. 1931. An inbreeding experiment with Poland-China swine. J. Hered. 22¡G393¡ã403. Ollivier, L. and P. Sellier. 1982. Pig genetics: a review. Annales de Genetique et de Selection Animale 14¡G481¡ã544.Rempel, W. E. and M. L. Marshall. 1990. Inheritance of coat color in swine. In Genetics of Swine (R. L. Hruska, ed.), Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska.
Rohrer, G. A., L. J. Alexander, J. W. Keele, T. P. Smith and C. W. Beattie. 1994. A microsatellite linkage map of the porcine genome. Genetics 136¡G231¡ã245. Rohrer, G. A., P. Vogeli, G. Stranzinger, L. J. Alexander and C. W. Beattie. 1997. Mapping 28 erythrocyte antigen, plasma protein and enzyme polymorphisms using an efficient genomic scan of the porcine genome. Anim. Genet. 28¡G323¡ã330. Sakurai, M., J. H. Zhou, M. Ohtaki, T. Itoh, Y. Murakami and H. Yasue. 1996. Assignment of c-KIT gene to swine chromosome 8p12-p21 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Mammalian Genome 7¡G397. Searle, A. G. 1968. Coat colour and its production. In Comparative Genetics of Coat Colour in Mammals. (A. G. Searle, ed.). Academic Press, London. pp. 40¡ã54. Mitsai, a Miniature Pig Selected for Ornamental and Recreation Purposes(1)Ming-Che Wu(2)(5), Chii-Jong Lee(3), Jinn-Lang Tzeng(3),
Wen-Cherng Chen(3) and Hsiu-Luan Chang(4)
Received Oct. 31, 1998; Accepted March 10, 1999
ABSTRACT
¡@¡@A new miniature pig for ornamental purpose was developed. In 1989, two Lanyu boars were used to mate six Duroc sows; and semen collected from three Duroc boars was used to inseminate five Lanyu sows. Their hybrid piglets were examined for coat color at eight weeks of age. Piglets exhibited longitudinal stripes from head to tail. Several brown stripes and black stripes appeared side by side on piglets from either Lanyu x Duroc crossing or Duroc x Lanyu crossing. Those piglets with brown-black stripes were then selected as breeding stocks and bred by half sib relation to produce brown-white stripping piglets, but the brown-white stripping faded at puberty. Brown-white stripping piglets were named as the Mitsai pig. A selection program for brown-white stripping was launched in 1992 with six male and 18 female pigs for each generation and for each year. Experimental results were as follows: The third generation (F3) of Mitsai sows produced 6.00±2.10 piglets born alive per litter and 72.8% of F4 piglets exhibited brown-white stripes as compared to 25.3% in F3, which increased almost three times. All F6 piglets exhibited brown-white stripes. Brown-white stripes exhibited and remained so even when pigs reached the mature age. The gene for brown-white stripping was postulated to be a recessive gene. For the economical usage, the Mitsai line with characteristics of miniature type and coat color could be used as ornamental pig for recreation. It could also serve as a laboratory animal for biomedical research. ¡]Key Words¡GPig, Coat color, Conservation, Selection¡^