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¨ä¤¤ Yijk ªí²Ä i ©u¡A²Ä j ¤á¹T¹A¡A©ó k ¤ë¶¡©Ò²£¥Í¨Å¤§´ú©wÈ¡F£g ¬°Á`¥§¡È¡FSi ªí¤£¦P©u¸`¤§©T©w®ÄÀ³¡FFj ªí¤£¦P¨Å¼Ë¨Ó·½¡]¹A¤á¡^¤§©T©w®ÄÀ³¡F¡]S¡ÑF¡^ijªí²Ä i ©u»P²Ä j ¤á¹T¹A¶¡¤§¥æ·P§@¥Î¡]interaction¡^¡FS¡]M¡^ik ªí±_¦¡³]p¤¤¤£¦P¤ë¤À¤§©T©w®ÄÀ³¡F£`ijk ¬°¸ÕÅç»~®t¡C
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±N¨Å¼Ë¥H¨äÅé²ÓM¼Æ§t¶q°ª§C°Ï¤À¬° 5 ²Õ¡Aµ²ªG¥Ü©óªí 1¡C·x©uÅé²ÓM¼Æ 20 ¸U¥H¤U¡B20¡ã50 ¸U¡B50¡ã80 ¸U¡B80¡ã100 ¸U¥H¤Î 100 ¸U cells/ml ¥H¤WªÌ¤À§O¦û·x©uÁ`¼Ë«~¼Æ¡]n¡×156¡^¤§ 11.54¡B39.10¡B38.46¡B9.62 ¥H¤Î 1.28%¡A¥i¨£¦¹»Úªc¨Å¤û¸sÅé²ÓM¼Æ¸û¦h¶°¤¤©ó 20¡ã80 ¸U¤§°Ï¶¡½d³ò¤º¡A¦Ó®L©u¡B¥V©u¤Î¥þ¦~¤§Åé²ÓM¼Æ¤À¥¬«h§óÁͦV¶°¤¤©ó 20¡ã50 ¸U°Ï¶¡½d³ò¡A»P Schukken et al.¡]1992a¡^©ÒzÁ`¨ÅÅé²ÓM¼Æ¬O§e²{¤@±`ºA¤À¥¬¤§±¡§ÎÃþ¦ü¡C·x¡B®L¡B¥V¤T©u¤Î¥þ¦~Åé²ÓM¼Æ¤¶©ó 20¡ã50 ¸U cells/ml ªÌ¦û¥þ³¡¼Ë«~¼Æ¤§¤ñ²v¤À§O¬° 39.10¡B51.70¡B68.53 ¤Î 52.71%¡A¥ç»P Schukken et al. ¡]1992b¡^»{¬°Åé²ÓM¼Æ´î¤Ö¤§«ÂIÀ³®y¸¨©ó 30¡ã59.9 ¸U cells/ml °Ï¶¡½d³ò¤ºªº¬Ýªk¤@P¡C¥Ñ©ó¥»¬ã¨sµo²{¥þ¦~¤ºÅé²ÓM¼Æ°ª©ó 100 ¸U cells/ml ¤§¼Ë«~¼Æ¶È 8 Ó¡A¥B¥V©u¥¼¦³µo¥Í¡A¦Ò¼{¥i¯à¦]¼Ë«~¼Æ¤Ó¤Ö¦ÓP¼Æ¾Ú¤í¯Ê¥Nªí©Ê¡A¬G©ó¤Uz±´°QÅé²ÓM¼Æ»P¨Å«~½è¶¡Ãö«Y®É¶È´NÅé²ÓM¼Æ 20 ¸U¥H¤U¡B20¡ã50 ¸U¡B50¡ã80 ¸U¤Î 80¡ã100 ¸U cells/ml µ¥ 4 Ӱ϶¡¤©¥H¤ñ¸û°Q½×¡C
| ªí 1.¡@¤T©u¤Î¥þ¦~¤¤¦UÅé²ÓM¼Æ°Ï¶¡¼Ë«~¼Æ¦ûÁ`¼Ë«~¼Æ¤§¤ñ²v Table 1. The number and percentage of milk samples collected from various somatic cell count categories milk samples in warm, hot, cool season and whole year |
|||||
| ¡@ | Åé²ÓM¼Æ Somatic cell count¡]¡Ñ104 cells/ml¡^ | ||||
| ¡Õ20 | 20¡ã50 | 50¡ã80 | 80¡ã100 | ¡Ö100 | |
| ·x
©u Warm seasonA |
n¡×18 11.54¢H |
n¡×61 39.10¢H |
n¡×60 38.46¢H |
n¡×15 9.62¢H |
n¡×2 1.28¢H |
| ®L
©u Hot seasonB |
n¡×35 24.47¢H |
n¡×74 51.70¢H |
n¡×25 17.48¢H |
n¡×3 2.10¢H |
n¡×6 4.20¢H |
| ¥V
©u Cool seasonC |
n¡×27 18.88¢H |
n¡×98 68.53¢H |
n¡×15 10.49¢H |
n¡×3 2.10¢H |
n¡×0 0.00¢H |
| ¥þ
¦~ Whole yearD |
n¡×80 18.10¢H |
n¡×233 52.71¢H |
n¡×100 22.62¢H |
n¡×21 4.75¢H |
n¡×8 1.82¢H |
| A ·x©u¡]4, 5, 10, 11
¤ë¡^¡CWarm season¡]Apr., May, Oct. and Nov.¡^ B ®L©u¡]6, 7, 8, 9 ¤ë¡^¡C Hot season¡]Jun., Jul., Aug. and Sep.¡^ C ¥V©u¡]12, 1, 2, 3 ¤ë¡^¡C Cool season¡]Dec., Jan., Feb. and Mar.¡^ D ¥þ¦~¡]1¡ã12 ¤ë¡^¡C The whole year values from Jan. to Dec. n ¼Ë«~¼Æ¡CSample numbers. |
|||||
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¦b¯×ªÕ¤è±¡AÅé²ÓM¼Æ»P¤§¬°§C¬ÛÃö¡]ªí 2¡^¡A¦¹µ²ªG»P Ng-Kwai-Hang et al. ¡]1984¡^¤§µ²ªG¬Û¦P¡C±N©Ò±oÅé²ÓM¼Æ°Ï¤À¬° 20 ¸U¥H¤U¡B20¡ã50 ¸U¡B50¡ã80 ¸U¤Î 80¡ã100 ¸U cells/ml µ¥ 4 ²Õ¡]ªí 3¡^¡A¥H¥þ¦~¦Ó½×¡A¯×ªÕ¦ü¦³ÀHÅé²ÓM¼Æ¤§¼W¥[¦Ó§e¥ý¼W¥[¦A´î¤Ö¤§ÁͶաA±©®t²§§¡¤£ÅãµÛ¡A¦¹²{¶H¥ç»P§õ¡]1986¡^´N¤û¸s²V¦X¨Å¤ÎÁ`¨Å¤§´ú©wµ²ªG¬Û¦P¡C
¯×ªÕ¤§©Ò¥H´î¤Ö¡A¤@¯ë»{¬°«Y¥Ñ¨Å¸¢¤W¥Ö²ÓM¨ü·l¶Ë¡A¦]¦Ó°§C¨ä¦X¦¨¯à¤O©ÒP¡]§õ¡A1986¡^¡AµM¦Ó«DÃö¨Å©Ðª¢·P¬V¤Î¾÷±ñ©Ê·l¶Ë©Òµo¥Í¤§Åé²ÓM¼Æ§t¶qÅܤƻP¯×ªÕ§t¶q¬°¦ó¡A«hȱo¥[¥H§ó¶i¤@¨Bªº±´°Q¡C
¤£½×·x¡B®L¡B¥V©u¡A³J¥Õ½è§t¶q»PÅé²ÓM¼Æ¤§¶¡§¡¬°§C«×¥¿¬ÛÃö¡]ªí 2¡^¡ANg-Kwai-Hang et al.¡]1984¡^¥ç´¿µo²{¨âªÌ¦³¦P®É¼W¥[ªº±¡§Î¡C¥»¬ã¨sµ²ªG¥Ñªí 3 Åã¥Ü¡A¦b¥þ¦~·íÅé²ÓM¼Æ¼W¬° 80¡ã100 ¸U cells/ml ®É¡A¨ä³J¥Õ½è§t¶q¤Ï¦Ó¦³ÅãµÛ´î¤Ö¡]P¡Õ0.05¡^±¡§Î¡C¾ÉP¦¹µ²ªG©Î«Y¥Ñ©óÅé²ÓM¼Æ¼W¥[®É¡A¤û¨Å³J¥Õ½è¤§¨Å²M³J¥Õ½è¼W¥[¡A¦Ó¹T³J¥Õ§t¶q´î¤Ö¡A¦]¦¹Á`³J¥Õ½è§t¶q¥i¯à¼W¥[¡]Ng-Kwai-Hang, 1982¡^¡A©Î´î¤Ö¡]Fisher and Reid, 1983¡^¡A©ÎÅܤƤ£¤j¡]Mitchell et al., 1986¡^¡C
Åé²ÓM¼Æ»P¨Å¿}§t¶q¬°t¬ÛÃö¡]ªí 2¡^¡A¦¹±¡§Î©ó¥þ¦~´Á¤×¬°©úÅã¡]P¡Õ0.05¡^¡A¦¹»P Rogers et al.¡]1989b¡^¤Î Schukken et al.¡]1992a¡^©ÒÀò¤§µ²½×¤@P¡CÁ`¨Å¤¤¨Å¿}§t¶q¤§´î¤Ö¡A¦b·x¡B®L¡B¥V©u¤Î¥þ¦~¤§®t²§§¡¤£ÅãµÛ¡]ªí 3¡^¡CBennet ¡]1987¡^¥H¬°Á`¨ÅÅé²ÓM¼Æ¬O¥Í¨Å«~½è¤Îªª³õ¤¤¨Å©Ðª¢µo¥Íª¬ªp¤§¤@¦³®Ä¶q«×¡A¤S Packard and Ginn¡]1991¡^´£¥X¦b§PÂ_ªª³õ¤¤¨Å©Ðª¢µo¥Íª¬ªp®É¡A¨Å¿}§t¶q¬°¤@¶µ·¥¦³¤Oªº«ü¼Ð¡A¥»¬ã¨s¨Ã¥¼¦LÃÒ¦¹¤@»¡ªk¡A»P Natzke et al.¡]1965¡^¡FEberhart et al.¡]1982¡^©Ò¨¥Á`¨ÅÅé²ÓM¼Æ¥u¯à·¥¦³¦aÅã¥Ü¨Å©Ð¨ü·P¬V¤§µ{«×ªº½×ÂI¬Û¦ü¡A¦¹©Î¬°¦U¨Å¼Ë²V¦X¤§¥§¡®ÄÀ³©ÒP¡C
Åé²ÓM¼Æ»PÁ`©T§Î¤À¤§¶¡¬°§C«×t¬ÛÃö¡]ªí 2¡^¡A¥»¬ã¨sµ²ªGÅã¥Ü¦b¤£¦PÅé²ÓM¼Æ°Ï¶¡¤U¡AÁ`©T§Î¤À¤§´î¤Ö©ó¥V©u¸û¬°©úÅã¡A¦Ó·x¡B®L©u«h®t²§¤£ÅãµÛ¡]ªí 3¡^¡CRogers and Mitchell et al.¡]1989a¡^»{¬°Á`©T§Î¤À§t¶q¤§´î¤Ö¡A¥Dn¨Ó¦Û©ó³J¥Õ½è¤Î¨Å¿}¿@«×¤§°§C¡A¦b¥»¬ã¨s¤¤¶È°¸¦ÓÅã¥Ü¥XÃþ¦ü¶É¦V¡C
| ªí 2.¡@Á`¨ÅÅé²ÓM¼Æ»P¨Å²Õ¦¨¤À¤§¬ÛÃö Table 2. The correlation between somatic cell count and milk components in bulk milk |
|||||
| ¡@ | ¯×ªÕFat | ³J¥Õ½èProtein | ¨Å¿}Lactose | Á`©T§Î¤ÀTotal solids | «D¯×ªÕ¨Å©T§Î¤ÀSolids-not-fat |
Åé²ÓM¼Æ Somatic cell count ¡@ |
0.081A ¡Ð0.034B ¡Ð0.046C ¡Ð0.055D |
0.001 0.136 0.029 0.049 |
¡Ð0.115 ¡Ð0.059 ¡Ð0.065 ¡Ð0.113* |
¡Ð0.042 0.061 ¡Ð0.088 ¡Ð0.097 |
¡Ð0.147 0.097 ¡Ð0.018 ¡Ð0.078 |
| A,B,C,D ¼Ð¥Ü¤§»¡©ú¦pªí
1¡A¥|¶¥¬q¤§¼Ë«~¼Æ«h¤À§O¬° 156¡B143¡B143 ¤Î 442¡C Those were expressed the same as table 1, and the sample numbers were 156, 143, 143 and 442, respectively. * ÅãµÛ¤ô·Ç¬° 5%¡CSignificant at 5% level. |
|||||
¡@
| ªí 3.¡@Åé²ÓM¼Æ¹ïÁ`¨Å¨Å²Õ¦¨¤À¤§¼vÅT Table 3. The effect of somatic cell count on yield and milk components in bulk milk |
||||
| ¡@ | Åé²ÓM¼Æ Somatic cell count¡]¡Ñ104 cells/ml¡^ | |||
| ¡Õ20 | 20¡ã50 | 50¡ã80 | 80¡ã100 | |
| ¯×
ªÕ Fat ¡]¢H¡^ |
3.414A 3.505Ba 3.641Ca 3.559Da |
3.468a 3.572a 3.646a 3.577a |
3.435a 3.558a 3.549a 3.492a |
3.473a 3.610a ¡Ðc 3.473a |
| ³J ¥Õ ½è Protein ¡]¢H¡^ |
3.172a 3.278a 3.252a 3.252ab |
3.297a 3.270a 3.344a 3.313a |
3.311a 3.266a 3.240a 3.296a |
3.173a 3.260a ¡Ðc 3.174a |
| ¨Å
¿} Lactose ¡]¢H¡^ |
4.544a 4.660a 4.652a 4.640a |
4.621a 4.673a 4.674a 4.665a |
4.683a 4.678a 4.646a 4.660a |
4.555a 4.625a ¡Ðc 4.567a |
| Á`©T§Î¤À Total solid ¡]¢H¡^ |
11.728a 12.086a 12.265a 12.10a |
11.947a 12.181a 12.297a 12.18a |
12.043a 11.989a 12.045a 12.06ab |
11.783a 12.215a ¡Ðc 11.83b |
| «D¯×ªÕ¨Å©T§Î¤À Solids-not-fat ¡]¢H¡^ |
8.513a 8.552a 8.521a 8.508a |
8.496a 8.551a 8.641a 8.588a |
8.584a 8.434ab 8.504a 8.553a |
8.318b 8.345b ¡Ðc 8.337b |
| A,B,C,D ¼Ð¥Ü¤§»¡©ú¦pªí
2¡CThose were expressed the same as table 2. a,b ¦P¦æ¤£¦P¼Ð¥Üªí¥Ü®t²§ÅãµÛ¡]P¡Õ0.05¡^¡C Means in the same row with different superscripts are different significantly (P¡Õ0.05). c ¥¼´ú©w©Î¯Ê¼Ë«~¡CNo detected or sample missing. |
||||
Åé²ÓM¼Æ»P«D¯×ªÕ¨Å©T§Î¤À¶¡¥ç¬Oºû«ù¤@§C¬ÛÃöªº±¡§Î¡]ªí 2¡^¡C¥H·x¡B®L©u¤Î¥þ¦~Æ[¤§¡A·íÅé²ÓM¼Æ¦Û 20¡ã50 ¸U¼W¬° 80¡ã100 ¸U cells/ml ®É¡A«D¯×ªÕ¨Å©T§Î¤ÀÅãµÛ´î¤Ö¡]P¡Õ0.05¡^¡]ªí 3¡^¡CMitchell et al.¡]1986¡^µo²{Åé²ÓM¼Æ 50 ¸U cells/ml ¥H¤W¤Î¥H¤U¤§¨Å¼Ë¡A«D¯×ªÕ¨Å©T§Î¤À§t¶q®t²§ÅãµÛ¡A»P¥»¬ã¨sµ²ªGÃþ¦ü¡C
¤G.¥Í¤û¨Å¤¤Åé²ÓM¼Æ»P²z¤Æ¾Ç©Ê½è¤§Ãö«Y
Åé²ÓM¼Æ©ó·x¡B®L¡B¥V¤Î¥þ¦~»P¤ñ«¤§¬ÛÃö«Y¼Æ¤À§O¬° ¡Ð0.073¡B0.051¡B0.121 ¥H¤Î ¡Ð0.064¡]ªí 4¡^¡C¤û¨Å¤§¤ñ«©ö¬°¦U¨Å¦¨¤À§t¶q°ª§C©Ò¼vÅT¡A·íÅé²ÓM¼Æ¼W¥[®É¡AÁ`©T§Î¤À¤Î«D¯×ªÕ¨Å©T§Î¤À§t¶q§e´î¤ÖÁͶաA¦]¦¹¤ñ«¥ç°§C¡]ªí 5¡^¡A±©®t²§¨Ã¤£ÅãµÛ¡C
| ªí 4.¡@Á`¨ÅÅé²ÓM¼Æ»P²z¤Æ¾Ç©Ê½è¤§¬ÛÃö Table 4. The correlation between somatic cell count and physicochemical properties in bulk milk |
||
| ¡@ | ¤ñ «¡]Specific gravity¡^ | »Ä «×¡]Acidity¡^ |
Åé²ÓM¼Æ Somatic cell count |
¡Ð0.073A 0.051B 0.121C ¡Ð0.064D |
¡Ð0.006 ¡Ð0.054 ¡Ð0.021 ¡Ð0.119 |
| A,B,C,D ¼Ð¥Ü¤§»¡©ú¦pªí 2¡CThose were expressed the same as table 2. | ||
¡@
| ªí 5.¡@Åé²ÓM¼Æ¹ïÁ`¨Å²z¤Æ¾Ç©Ê½è¤§¼vÅT Table 5. The effect of somatic cell count on physicochemical properties in bulk milk |
||||
| ¡@ | Åé²ÓM¼Æ Somatic cell count¡]¡Ñ104 cells/ml¡^ | |||
| ¡Õ20 | 20¡ã50 | 50¡ã80 | 80¡ã100 | |
| ¤ñ « Specific gravity |
1.0308Aa 1.0390Ba 1.0312Ca 1.0350Da |
1.0304a 1.0311a 1.0312a 1.0311a |
1.0308a 1.0311a 1.0312a 1.0310a |
1.0300a 1.0311a ¡Ðc 1.0301a |
| »Ä «× Acidity ¡]¢H¡^ |
0.141a 0.150a 0.154a 0.150a |
0.141a 0.152a 0.148a 0.148a |
0.140a 0.152a 1.154a 1.147a |
0.138a 0.152a ¡Ðc 0.139b |
| A,B,C,D ¼Ð¥Ü¤§»¡©ú¦pªí
2¡CThose were expressed the same as table 2. a,b ¦P¦æ¤£¦P¼Ð¥Üªí¥Ü®t²§ÅãµÛ¡]P¡Õ0.05¡^¡C Means in the same row with different superscripts are different significantly (P¡Õ0.05). c ¥¼´ú©w©Î¯Ê¼Ë«~¡CNo detected or sample missing. |
||||
¤û¨Å¤§¦ÛµM»Ä«×«Y¥ÑÁC»ÄÆQ¡B³J¥Õ½è¡B¤G®ñ¤ÆºÒ¤ÎÂfÂc»Ä¦Ó¨Ó¡]±i¡A1991¡^¡CÅé²ÓM¼Æ»Pºw©w»Ä«×¤§¶¡§e²{§Ct¬ÛÃö¡]ªí 4¡^¡A±©¦b¥þ¦~¡A¦¹»Ä«×¤§°§C¥HÅé²ÓM¼Æ 80¡ã100 ¸U cells/ml ¬°³Ì¡]P¡Õ0.05¡^¡]ªí 5¡^¡A¦¹µ²ªG¤À§O»PªL»P§õ¡]1986¡^¡B§õ»P³¯¡]1991¡^¡BAshworth et al.¡]1967¡^¡BHaenlein et al.¡]1973¡^µ¥¤§µ²½×¬Û¦P¡C
¤T.¥Í¤û¨ÅÅé²ÓM¼Æ»PÄqª«½è§t¶q¤§Ãö«Y
¤û¨Å¤§Äqª«½è§t¶q¡A¤@¯ë¥H¦Ç¤À¨Óªí¥Ü¡CÅé²ÓM¼Æ¼W¥[®É¡A¦Ç¤À¥çÀH¤§¼W¥[¡A¨âªÌ¬°ÅãµÛ¥¿¬ÛÃö¡]ªí 6¡^¡C¤£½×·x¡B®L¡B¥V©u¡AÅé²ÓM¼Æ¥Ñ 20 ¸U¥H¤U¼W¬° 100 ¸U cells/ml ®É¡A¦Ç¤À§¡§e²{¼W¥[¤§±¡§Î¡]ªí 7¡^¡C
| ªí 6.¡@Á`¨ÅÅé²ÓM¼Æ»P¦Ç¤À¡B¶t¡BÁC¡B¶u¡B¹[§t¶q¶¡¤§¬ÛÃö Table 6. The correlation between somatic cell count and ash, calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium in bulk milk |
|||||
| ¡@ | ¦Ç ¤À Ash | ¶t Calcium | ÁC Phosphorus | ¶u Sodium | ¹[ Potassium |
| Åé²ÓM¼Æ Somatic cell count |
0.163A 0.316B* 0.366C** 0.219D** |
0.232* 0.064 0.037 0.052 |
0.156* 0.117 0.103 0.106 |
0.232* 0.089 0.147* 0.171** |
0.132 ¡Ð0.041 ¡Ð0.059 0.065 |
| A,B,C,D ¼Ð¥Ü¤§»¡©ú¦pªí
2¡CThose were expressed the same as table 2. ¡@* ÅãµÛ¤ô·Ç¬° 5%¡CSignificant at 5% level. ** ÅãµÛ¤ô·Ç¬° 1%¡CSignificant at 1% level. |
|||||
¡@
| ªí 7.¡@Åé²ÓM¼Æ¹ïÁ`¨Å¦Ç¤À¤Î¶t¡BÁC¡B¶u¡B¹[§t¶q¤§¼vÅT Table 7. The effect of somatic cell count on ash content and concentration of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium in bulk milk |
||||
| ¡@ | Åé²ÓM¼Æ Somatic cell count¡]¡Ñ104 cells/ml¡^ | |||
| ¡Õ20 | 20¡ã50 | 50¡ã80 | 80¡ã100 | |
| ¦Ç
¤À Ash ¡]¢H¡^ |
0.728Aa 0.738Ba 0.737Ca 0.738Da |
0.729a 0.736a 0.737a 0.734a |
0.738ab 0.745ab 0.746a 0.749ab |
0.756b 0.750b ¡Ðc 0.755b |
| ¶t Calcium ¡]mg/100 ml milk¡^ |
93.31a 103.03b 95.88a 101.02a |
89.88a 102.03b 103.72a 99.31a |
98.85a 102.62b 106.91a 102.60a |
99.05a 121.82a ¡Ðc 101.80a |
| ÁC Phosphorus ¡]mg/100 ml milk¡^ |
77.82a 78.06a 76.39a 80.94a |
80.68a 75.63a 75.50a 76.65a |
79.58a 82.40a 75.35a 78.41a |
83.03a 82.32a ¡Ðc 82.77a |
| ¶u Sodium ¡]mg/100 ml milk¡^ |
71.28a 66.94a 66.08b 66.60b |
76.63a 63.73a 75.36ab 72.12ab |
79.23a 70.57a 78.52a 77.00a |
73.05a 62.72a ¡Ðc 71.82ab |
¹[ Potassium ¡]mg/100 ml milk¡^ |
139.95a 139.01a 137.37a 137.31a |
134.76a 133.90a 126.82a 131.58a |
137.43a 137.72a 138.87a 138.50a |
144.47a 130.06a ¡Ðc 142.56a |
| A,B,C,D ¼Ð¥Ü¤§»¡©ú¦pªí
2¡CThose were expressed the same as table 2. a,b ¦P¦æ¤£¦P¼Ð¥Üªí¥Ü®t²§ÅãµÛ¡]P¡Õ0.05¡^¡C Means in the same row with different superscripts are different significantly (P¡Õ0.05). c ¥¼´ú©w©Î¯Ê¼Ë«~¡CNo detected or sample missing. |
||||
¤û¨Å¤§¶t½è¥Dn»P³J¥Õ½è¡A¤×¨ä¬O»P¹T³J¥Õ¬Ûµ²¦X¹ï¹T³J¥Õ·L²y¡]casein micelles¡^¤§ºc¦¨»P³J¥Õ½è¨t²Î¤§¦w©w©Ê¼vÅT·¥¤j¡]Wong et al., 1988¡^¡C¥»¬ã¨s¥çµo²{¶t»P³J¥Õ½è¬°¥¿¬ÛÃö¡]©P»P±¯¡A1997¡^¡CÃö©óÅé²ÓM¼Æ»P¶t§t¶q¤§Ãö«Y¡A¤@¯ë¦h»{¬°¨âªÌ¬°t¬ÛÃö¡]Rogers et al., 1989b¡FTallamy and Randolph, 1970¡^¡A¥»¬ã¨s«hµo²{¨âªÌ¬ÛÃö¤£¤j¡]ªí 6¡^¡A¥BÅé²ÓM¼Æ¸û°ªªÌ¡A¤Ï¦³¸û°ª¶t§t¶q¤§²{¶H¡A±©®t²§¨Ã¤£ÅãµÛ¡]ªí 7¡^¡C¥Ñ©ó¹}³Åܤƹï¤û¨Å¤¤¶t¡BÁC¡B¶u¡B¹[µ¥¥DnÄqª«½è§t¶q´XµL¼vÅT¡]Tallamy and Randolph, 1970¡^¡A¥Bµo¥Í¦¹²{¶H¤§¼Ë«~¤j¦h¨Ó¦Û¦P¤@®É´Á¡A¬O§_·½¦Û¤û°¦¤£¦Pªc¨Å´Á¤§¼vÅT¡A«h¦³«Ý±´°Q¡C
¤û¨Å¤¤¤§ÁC¡A¦h¥H·»¸Ñ©ÊµL¾÷ÁC¡B½¦½èºAµL¾÷ÁC¥H¤Î³J¥Õ½èÁC¤§«¬¦¡¦s¦b¡]±i¡A1991¡^¡C¾Ú Munro et al.¡]1984¡^«ü¥X¡AWMT¡]Wisconsin Mastitis Test¡^¶§©Ê¤ÏÀ³¨Å¼Ë¡AµL¾÷ÁC§t¶q¸û¤Ö¡A¦b¥»¬ã¨s«hµo²{¨Å¤¤ÁC§t¶q»PÅé²ÓM¼Æ¬°¥¿¬ÛÃö©ÎÃö«Y¤£©úÅã¡]ªí 6¡^¡A¦Ó©ó¤£¦PÅé²ÓM¼Æ°Ï¶¡¡A¨äÁC§t¶q¤§®t²§¥ç¤£ÅãµÛ¡]ªí 7¡^¡C¦¹¤£¦P³BÀ³¬° Tallamy and Randolph¡]1970¡^«Y¥H¤À©Ð¨Å¶i¦æ¤ÀªR¡A¦Ó¥»¬ã¨s«Y°w¹ïÁ`¨Å¡AÓ§O¨Å¼Ë³Qµ}ÄÀ©ÒP¡C
Åé²ÓM¼Æ»P¶u§t¶q¬°ÅãµÛ¥¿¬ÛÃö¡]P¡Õ0.05¡^¡]ªí 6¡^¡A»P Fox et al.¡]1985¡^¤§µ²ªG¤@P¡A¦¹²{¶H©ó¥V©u³Ì¬°©úÅã¡AÅé²ÓM¼Æ¥Ñ 20 ¸U¥H¤U¼W¬° 50¡ã80 ¸U cells/ml ®É¡A¨Å¤¤¶u§t¶qÅãµÛ¼W¥[¡]P¡Õ0.05¡^¡]ªí 7¡^¡A¦¹»P Rogers and Mitchell¡]1989b¡^µ¥¤§µ²½×¤@P¡C
Åé²ÓM¼Æ»P¹[§t¶q¬°§C«×¬ÛÃö¡]ªí 6¡^¡A¨Ã¦b¤£¦PÅé²ÓM°Ï¶¡¤U¡A¹[§t¶q¤§Åܤƥ礣©úÅã¡]ªí 7¡^¡A¦¹ÅܤÆÁͶջP Corbellini¡]1984¡^¡BRogers and Mitchell¡]1989b¡^¬ã¨s©óÅé²ÓM¼Æ§C©ó 80 ¸U cells/ml ªÌ¤§µ²½×¬Û¦P¡C¶u¡B¹[§t¶q¤§ÅܤƫY¥Ñ©ó¨Å¸¢¨ü·P¬V¦ÓP¨Å¿}¦X¦¨¶q´î¤Ö¡A¦]¨Å¿}»PÄqª«½è¦@¦P½Õ¸`¨Å¥Ä¤§º¯³zÀ£¡A¬°¥¿Åº¯³zÀ£¤§§ïÅÜ¡A¶uÂ÷¤l§e¸ÉÀv©Ê¼W¥[¡]Schalm, 1977¡^¡A¦Ó¹[Â÷¤l«h§e´î¤ÖÁͶա]Obara and Komatsu, 1984¡^¡A±©¦¹²{¶H©ó¥»¬ã¨s°w¹ïÅé²ÓM¼Æ¦b 100 ¸U cells/ml ¤§°Ï¶¡½d³ò¤º¡A¹[¤§Åܤƨ䣩úÅã ¡C
¥|.¥Í¤û¨ÅÅé²ÓM¼Æ»P·L¥Íª«¾Ç«~½è¤§Ãö«Y
°£¥V©u¥~¡AÅé²ÓM¼Æ»P¬üÂſƦâ®É¶¡§¡¬°ÅãµÛt¬ÛÃö¡]P¡Õ0.01¡^¡]ªí 8¡^¡A¥ç§YÅé²ÓM¼Æ§t¶q°ªªÌ¨ä¬üÂſƦâ®É¶¡µu¡C¬ã¨sµ²ªGÅã¥Ü¡A¦¹²{¶H©ó¤£¦PÅé²ÓM¼Æ°Ï¶¡¤U¦U©u§¡¬Æ¤@P¡A±©¥¼¹F²ÎpÅãµÛ¡]ªí 9¡^¡A»P§õµ¥¡]1988¡^©Òz¬üÂſƦâ®É¶¡»PÅé²ÓM¼Æ¬ÛÃö«D±`§C¤§µ²ªG¦³²§¡Aì¦]¥i¯à¬°¥»¬ã¨s©Ò±Ä±o¨Å¼ËÅé²ÓM¼ÆÁͦV§C°Ï¶¡¡A¦Ó§õµ¥¡]1988¡^¤§¼Ë«~Åé²ÓM¼Æ«hÅܲ§¸û¤j©ÒP¡]Åé²ÓM¼Æ¥§¡È±¼Ð·Ç°¾®t»PÅܲ§«Y¼Æ¤À§O¬° 424±249¡A58% ¥H¤Î 310±320¡A103%¡^¡C
| ªí 8.¡@Á`¨Å·L¥Íª«¾Ç«~½è»PÅé²ÓM¼Æ¤§¬ÛÃö Table 8. The correlation between somatic cell count and microbiological quality in bulk milk |
||
| ¡@ | ¬üÂſƦâ®É¶¡ MBRT1 | ²Ó µß ¼Æ SPC2 |
Åé ²Ó M ¼Æ Somatic cell count |
¡Ð0.281** ¡Ð0.338** ¡Ð0.201 ¡Ð0.195** |
0.200 0.089 0.013 0.142* |
| A,B,C,D
¼Ð¥Ü¤§»¡©ú¤Î¦pªí 2¡CThose were expressed the same as table 2. 1 ¬üÂſƦâ®É¶¡¡CMethylene blue reduction time. 2 ²Óµß¼Æ¡CStandard plate count. * ÅãµÛ¤ô·Ç¬° 5%¡CSignificant at 5% level. ** ÅãµÛ¤ô·Ç¬° 1%¡CSignificant at 1% level. |
||
¡@
| ªí 9.¡@Åé²ÓM¼Æ¹ïÁ`¨Å·L¥Íª««~½è¤§¼vÅT Table 9. The effect of somatic cell count on microbiological quality in bulk milk |
||||
| ¡@ | Åé²ÓM¼Æ Somatic cell count¡]¡Ñ104 cells/ml¡^ | |||
| ¡Õ20 | 20¡ã50 | 50¡ã80 | 80¡ã100 | |
| ¬üÂſƦâ®É¶¡ MBRT¡]hr¡^ |
7.5A 7.2Ba 7.1Ca 7.1Da |
7.4a 7.0a 6.9a 7.1a |
7.2a 6.5a 5.9a 6.8a |
6.9a 6.4a ¡Ðc 6.6a |
| ²Ó
µß ¼Æ SPC ¡]¡Ñ103 CFU/ml¡^ |
63b 137a 58b 86b |
162a 177a 79b 145a |
178a 180a 190a 237a |
263a 181a ¡Ðc 235a |
| A,B,C,D ¼Ð¥Ü¤§»¡©ú¦pªí
2¡CThose were expressed the same as table 2. a,b ¦P¦æ¤£¦P¼Ð¥Üªí¥Ü®t²§ÅãµÛ¡]P¡Õ0.05¡^¡C Means in the same row with different superscripts are different significantly (P¡Õ0.05). c ¥¼´ú©w©Î¯Ê¼Ë«~¡CNo detected or sample missing. |
||||
¥þ¦~¦Ó½×¡A²Óµß¼Æ»PÅé²ÓM¼Æ¬°ÅãµÛ¥¿¬ÛÃö¡]P¡Õ0.05¡^¡]ªí 8¡^¡A¦b¤£¦PÅé²ÓM°Ï¶¡¤U¡A¦U©u¤§²Óµß¼ÆÀHÅé²ÓM¼Æ¤§°§C¨ä§t¶q¥ç§¡¦³¸û§C¤§ÁͶաA¦¹µ²ªG»P Eberhart et al. ¡]1982¡^»{¬°Á`Åé²ÓM¼Æ¥u¯à·¥¦³¦aÅã¥Ü¨Å©Ð¨ü·P¬Vªºµ{«×¡A¤Î Hartly et al. ¡]1968¡^»{¬°²Óµß¼Æ«Ü¤Ö»Pªc¨Åª¬ªp§e²{±K¤Á¬ÛÃö¤§µ²ªG¬Û¥é¡C¤@¯ëÁ`¨Å¤§¯fìµß¥i¤À¬°¤G¤jÃþ¡A¨ä¤@¬°ª÷¶À¸²µå²yµß¡]Staphylococcus aureus¡^¡BµL¨ÅÃì²yµß¡]Streptococcus agalactiae¡^¥H¤Î¸²µå²yµßÄÝ¡]Staphylococcus species¡^¬°¨Å¸¢©Î¨Å©Ðªí±¤§±`¾nµß¸s¡C¨ä¤G¬°¨ä¥LÃì²yµß¡]Streptococci¡^¡B¤j¸zµß¤Î¨ä¥L¦U¦¡·L¥Íª«¡A¬°¤û°¦¥ÍªøÀô¹Ò¤¤±`¨£ªº·L¥Íª«±Ú¸s¡]Goldberg et al., 1991¡^¡A¦h¸g¥Ñ¨Å©Ð¤º·P¬V¡B¨Å©Ð¥~ªí¦Ã¬V¤Î·c¨Å¾÷©Î¶J¨Å¼Ñªí±¦Ã¬V¨Å¥Ä¡C¥Ñ©ó§C·Åµß¦b¨Å©Ðµß¸s¤¤¨Ã¥¼µo²{¡A¨ä¨Ó·½À³¥]¬A¥Í¨Å¥i¯à±µÄ²¤§ªí±¡BªÅ®ð¡B¤ô¤Î¨ä¥L¥~·½©Ê¨Ó·½¡A¦]¦¹§C·Åµß¤§°»´úÀ³¯à¦³®Äªº¤ÏÀ³ªª³õ·c¨Å«á¤§¥Í¨Åª¬ªp¡C¥Ñªí 9 Åã¥ÜÅé²ÓM¼Æ¦b 100 ¸U cells/ml ¥H¤U®É¡A¬üÂſƦâ®É¶¡¦üµLªk¦³®Äªº´N¥Í¨Å«~½èÀu¦H¥[¥H°Ï¤À¡A³y¦¨¦¹²{¶H¤§ì¦]©Î«Y¦p¤W©Òz¦]¬°¥Í¨Åµß¬Û¬Æ½ÆÂø¡A¹ï¬üŸÕÅ礧ÁÙì¯à¤O¤£¤@©ÒP¡A¬G·í¦¹¤§»Ú¬°¦³®Ä¤ÏÀ³¥Í¨Å«~½è®É¡A¬O§_±Ä¦æ²Óµß¼Æ°t¦X§C·Åµß¼Æ¦P®É§@¬°¥Í¨Å·L¥Íª«¾Ç«~½è¤§«ü¼Ð«hȱo¶i¤@¨B±´¨s¡C
Á¡@»x
¥»¬ã¨s©Ó»OÆW°ÏÂøÂ³µo®i°òª÷·|¤Î»OÆW¬Ù¬F©²¹AªLÆU 84-02-001 ¨Å¤û¥Í¨Å«~½èµû©w¤Î§ïµ½pµe¤ä´©¬ã¨s¸g¶O¡A¯S¦¹»xÁ¡C
°Ñ¦Ò¤åÄm
¤¤°ê°ê®a¼Ð·Ç CNS¡C1972¡C¨Å«~ÀËÅçªk¡]»Ä«×¤§ºw©w¡^¡AÁ`¸¹ 3441¡AÃþ¸¹ 6057¡C¸gÀÙ³¡¤¤¥¡¼Ð·Ç§½¡C
¤¤°ê°ê®a¼Ð·Ç CNS¡C1972¡C¨Å«~ÀËÅçªk¡]¤ñ«¤§´ú©w¡^¡AÁ`¸¹ 3442¡AÃþ¸¹ 6058¡C¸gÀÙ³¡¤¤¥¡¼Ð·Ç§½¡C
¤¤°ê°ê®a¼Ð·Ç CNS¡C1985¡C¨Å«~ÀËÅçªk¡]²Óµß¤§ÀËÅç¡^¡AÁ`¸¹ 3452¡AÃþ¸¹ 6068¡C¸gÀÙ³¡¤¤¥¡¼Ð·Ç§½¡C
§õ¯À¬Ã¡C1986¡C¥xÆW¨Å¤û¥Í¨Å¤¤Åé²ÓM¼Æ»P¨Å¥Ä«~½èÃö«Y¤§¬ã¨s¡CºÓ¤h½×¤å¡A°ê¥ß»OÆW¤j¾Ç¯bªª¾Ç¬ã¨s©Ò¡C
§õ¯À¬Ã¡B³¯ZùÙ¡BªL¼y¤å¡C1988¡C¥Í¨Å¬üÂÅÁÙì¸ÕÅ窺±´°Q¡C¤¤¯b·|»x 17(3-4)¡G91¡ã100¡C§õ¯À¬Ã¡C1988¡C¥Í¨Å¤¤Åé²ÓM¼Æ»P¨Å¥Ä«~½è¤§Ãö«Y¡C¬ì¾Ç¹A·~ 36(3-4)¡G88¡ã92¡C
§õ¯À¬Ã¡B³¯ZùÙ¡C1991¡CL¦¸¡Bªc¨Å´Á»P¨Å©Ê½è¹ï²üÄõ¤û¨Å»Ä«×¤§¼vÅT¡C¤¤¯b·|»x 20(3)¡G369¡ã376¡C
ªL¼y¤å¡B§õ¯À¬Ã¡C1986¡C¥Í¨Å¤¤Åé²ÓM¼Æ»P¨Å¥Ä«~½è¤§Ãö«Y¡C¤¤¯b·|»x 5(3-4)¡G51¡ã70¡C
±i³Óµ½¡C1991¡C¤û¨Å»P¨Å»s«~¡A¼Wq¤Gª©¡Ap. 90, 123¡Cªøªe¥Xª©ªÀ¡A¥x¥_¡C
©PÄ~µo¡B±¯§Ó¥¡C1997¡C©u¸`§ó´À¹ï¥Í¤û¨ÅÅé²ÓM¼Æ»P¨Å¥Ä«~½è¤§¼vÅT¡C¤¤¯b·|»x 26(1)¡G87¡ã97¡C
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Corbellini, C. N. 1984. The determination of sodium and potassium in milk and its relation with the concentration of somatic cells and its use in the monitoring of subclinical mastitis. in International Dairy Federation Bulletin 177¡G161¡ã169. Quality assurance - Means of promoting efficiency in dairying.
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Relationship between Seasonal Alternation and Low-level Somatic
Cell Counts with the Quality of Raw Cow's Milk
Chi-Fa Chow(1)(2) and Jyh-Ping Hu(1)(3)
Received Apr. 10, 1997; Accepted May 22, 1997
ABSTRACT
Bulk milk samples taken from 13 dairy farms, which have contracted with Tunghai University Milk Plant during June 1995 through May 1996 , were studied to investigate the effects of seasonal alternation and bulk milk somatic cell counts under 100¡Ñ104 cells/ml on milk quality in raw cow's milk. The specific gravity, titratable acidity, ash, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, methylene blue reduction time and standard plate counts were investigated, and the contents of milk protein, fat, lactose, total solids, and solids-not-fat were also determined by infrared milk analyzer (Bentley 2300, Bentley Instruments Inc, USA).
Somatic cell counts in
the whole year were positively correlated with ash, concentration of sodium and total
bacteria counts (P¡Õ0.05), and negatively correlated with lactose , methylene blue
reduction time (P¡Õ0.05), and the
rest were not correlated significantly.
No matter what time the milk samples were taken, in warm (Apr., May, Oct. and Nov.), hot (Jun., Jul., Aug. and Sep.), cool (Dec., Jan., Feb. and Mar.) season, or in the whole year in this study, the somatic cell counts were usually in the range of 20¡ã50 ¡Ñ104 cells ml. The percentage of milk samples collected from this somatic cell counts categories in warm, hot, cool season, and in the whole year were 39.10, 51.70, 68.53 and 52.71%, respectively. When compared with the somatic cell counts of ¡Õ20 and 50¡ã80¡Ñ104 cell/ml, there were not significantly differences in milk components content, physico-chemical properties, ash, mineral content or methylene blue reduction time. However, when compared with the somatic cell counts of 80¡ã100 ¡Ñ104 cells/ml in the whole year, milk with 20¡ã50 ¡Ñ104 cells/ml had significantly highr content in total protein, total solid, solids-not-fat and acidity, but lower ash and total bacteria count (P¡Õ0.05).¡]Key Words¡GSeasonal alternation, Low-level somatic cell count, Milk quality¡^
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(1)Gradute Institute of Animal Science, Tunghai
University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
(2)Corresponding author.
(3)Current address: Central Research Institute, President Enterprises Corp.,
Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
¤¤°ê¯bªª¾Ç·|·|»x ²Ä26¨÷ ²Ä3´Á 359¡ã371, 1997